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PUGUT NEGRO |
According to Kapampangan at Ilocano, Pugot is described as a Negro
(large black man), a scary, but not a malicious entity. These characteristics
eventually came to the now known “Kapre” in Tagalog. It also has the power of
change, sometimes it becomes a cat or a ball of fire. It often lives in
homeless houses or large trees such as duhat, santol, and tamarind.
Various Aeta groups in northern Luzon are known as Pugot or
Pugot, an Ilocano term that came to be known as “goblin” or “forest spirit”,
and is the colloquial term for people with darker complexions. The earliest
belief of the Pugot “spirit” is found in Ilocano myths as the spirits of
ancestral aborigines (Aetas) who guard treasures.
According to Maximo Ramos in his book, "The Creatures
of Philippine Lower Mythology", the word "Pugot" means “Black
one or Negro”, "the decapitated one," or "one with hands cut
off."
Looking at this creature from the perspective of the Ifugao,
we can look at its appearance in the former headhunting rites of the natives.
For the Ifugao, the practice of this ritual has become important as a ceremony.
Often a person's mortification is due to the desire to take revenge, so it is
even more of a burial. Unfortunately, this ritual has become the cause of
this ritual so it is said to be the most of all the misfortunes of an Ifugao.
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BALUGA |
The word Baluga
is a term used to refer to the Aetas, the curly-haired, very dark-skinned
indigenous peoples of the Philippines who are related more to the native tribes
of Papua New Guinea who bear a closer physical resemblance to a few African
groups than to the brown Malayans of Southeast Asia.
Often used in a derogatory
sense, this word is not used in polite conversation! Ang balugang aktres- the actress with
African-American looks.
Other words related in meaning that are considered offensive
and should not be used: nugnug, nognog, nug nug, nog nog
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ARAYAT |
Maria Sinukuan is
the diwata (fairy) or mountain goddess associated with Mount Arayat in Pampanga, Philippines, and is a prominent example
of the mountain-goddesses motif in Philippine mythology, other prominent
examples being Maria Makiling of Los Baños and Maria Cacao of Cebu.
Legend of Maria Sinukuan
Sinukuan is
associated with the unusual bounty of the forests in Arayat, and with the profusion of animals there. Watching over the
needs of the people in the nearby town, she used to regularly leave fruits and
animals at the doorstep of locals who needed food during hard times. At one
point, though, a group of young men got
greedy. They sought out where Sinukuan’s home was in the mountains, and
when they found it, they asked for more than what they actually needed.
Sinukuan did not object to this and allowed them to pick a great load of
fruits. She warned them, however, not to get any fruits from the forest without
her permission. On their way back home, they decided they would get more. Why
not? They asked each other. “She won't know we took home fruits and animals.
They're so plentiful, she won't know the difference." But she did. As soon
as they had started picking more fruit, their packs began to feel heavier. They
soon discovered that all the fruit and meat they were carrying had turned into
rocks. The young men ran away, but before they managed to escape the forest,
Sinukuan appeared before them. As punishment, she said, she would turn them into swine. And so she did.
But the other people in the village were also getting
greedy. More and more, they stole from Sinukuan’s forests. Angered, Sinukuan
stopped leaving food at their doorsteps. She made the fruit trees and animals
in the mountain disappear. And she also never allowed the villagers to see
her again.
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LA LIMASAWA |
The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It was said by Father Pedro de Valderrama along the shores of Limasawa at the tip of Southern Leyte. Limasawa is this popularly known as the birthplace of the Church in the Philippines.
History of the name LIMASAWA
“Mazaua” is the original name of this municipality. There
are two assumptions about how the municipality got its name: One assumption is that before the Spanish men arrived on the
island, the natives don’t really have a name for their place. Upon the arrival
of Ferdinand Magellan and his men, one of the natives was asked for the name of
their place. The native, unable to understand what it meant, mistakenly
interpreted the question to mean “how many wives their Rajah has”. So he
answered immediately “Lima’y Asawa”, meaning that their Rajah has five wives.
The Spanish too, thinking that was the answer to his question, return to tell
his companions that the island is named “Lima’y Asawa ”. And from then on, the
place came to be called “Limasawa”.
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MELCHOR, GASPAR, BALTAZAR |
The biblical Magi,
also referred to as the Three Wise Men
or Three Kings, were, in the Gospel
of Matthew and Christian tradition, a group of distinguished foreigners who
visited Jesus after his birth, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
They are regular figures in traditional accounts of the nativity celebrations
of Christmas and are an important part of Christian tradition.
The New Testament does not give the names of the Magi.
However, traditions and legends identify a variety of different names for them.
In the Western Christian church,
they have been all regarded as saints and
are commonly known as:
Melchior also
Melichior, a Persian scholar;
Caspar also Gaspar, Jaspar, Jaspas, Gathaspa, and
other variations), an Indian scholar;
Balthazar also
Balthasar, Balthassar, and Bithisarea, a Babylonian scholar.
Encyclopedia Britannica states: "according to Western
church tradition, Balthasar is often
represented as a king of Arabia, Melchior
as a king of Persia, and Gaspar as a
king of India." These names apparently derive from a Greek manuscript
probably composed in Alexandria around 500, and which has been translated into
Latin with the title Excerpta Latina Barbari. Another Greek document from the
8th century, of presumed Irish origin and translated into Latin with the title
Collectanea et Flores, continues the tradition of three kings and their names
and gives additional details.
One candidate for the origin of the name Caspar appears in the Acts of Thomas as
Gondophares (21 – c. AD 47), i.e., Gudapharasa (from which "Caspar"
might derive as corruption of "Gaspar").
This Gondophares declared independence from the Arsacids to become the first
Indo-Parthian king, and he was allegedly visited by Thomas the Apostle.
According to Ernst Herzfeld, his name is perpetuated in the name of the Afghan
city Kandahar, which he is said to have founded under the name Gundopharron.
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LA ASAMBLEA FILIPINA |
The Philippine
Assembly was the lower house of the Philippines from 1907 to 1916. Along with an upper house (the appointed Philippine
Commission), it formed the bicameral Philippine Legislature during part of the
American Colonial Period.
The Assembly was created by the 1902 Philippine Organic Act of the United States Congress, which
established the Insular Government of
the Philippines. In 1916, the Jones Act replaced the Philippine Organic Act
and the Assembly became the current House
of Representatives of the Philippines.
The first Philippine Assembly elections were held on July
30, 1907. These were the first nationwide elections ever held in the
Philippines. The Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907, with Sergio
Osmeña as Speaker of the Assembly,
Manuel L. Quezon as majority leader,
and Vicente Singson as minority leader.
The inauguration of the assembly marked a "turning point in the country’s history, for
its creation marked the commencement of Filipino participation in
self-governance and a big leap towards self-determination." The Philippine Assembly was the first
legislative body in the Philippines fully chosen by national elections. It is a
direct precursor of the current House of Representatives of the Philippines.
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LA REINA FILIPINA (Carnival Queen) |
Manila Carnival
was an annual carnival festival held in Manila during the early American
colonial period up to the time before the Second World War. The highlight of
the event is the crowning of the Carnival
Queens. Cameron Forbes and the carnival promoters established the Carnival Queen contest. The Queen will
be selected through the purchase of ballots
through newspaper clippings. Initially, Forbes decided to restrict the
contest to the daughters of the wealthiest families from the capital city of
Manila but eventually accepted entries from different parts of the country. The
Queen was voted through a system of
money ballots or magazine coupons. Philippine magazines like Liwayway, Telembang, and Lipang Kalabaw
had such coupons inserted in their pages.
The Carnival Queens dressed in the most beautiful costumes of the parade, ranging from Egyptian-inspired to Siamese to that of the Arabian Scheherazade.
The first Manila
Carnival in 1908 elected two queens representing the Oriental beauty and the Western
beauty (called Occident) – Pura Villanueva from Iloilo City, Iloilo (Queen
of the Orient) and Marjorie Radcliffe Colton from Galesburg, Illinois(Queen of
the Occident). The only other time this happened was in the 1920 Manila Carnival.
In 1912, for the first time aside from the carnival queen, the contest chose
four ladies to represent Luzon, Visayas,
Mindanao, and the American homeland. In 1913, three women representing Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao were named co-winners of the Manila Carnival. The first
and only American woman to solely win as Carnival Queen was Mela Kamakee Fairchild (born in
Oakland, California in 1898) in the 1917 Manila Carnival. Two queens were also
chosen in 1926 to elect the last to be called the Carnival Queen (Socorro Henson) and the very first Miss Philippines (Anita Agoncillo Noble)
Manila Carnival Queen
is the precursor of various national
pageants in the Philippines.
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MADLANG HIWAGA / ANG BANTAY NA SCOUT |
Ang Bantay na Scout or Philippine Scouts was a
military organization of the United
States Army from 1901 until the end
of World War II and disbanded in 1948 by the Philippines Government after
the country's independence. Made up of Filipino-Americans
assigned to the United States Army Philippine Department, these troops were
generally enlisted and under the command of White-American officers, however, a
handful of Filipino Americans received commissions from the United States
Military Academy. Philippine Scout units were given a suffix of (PS), to
distinguish them from other U.S. Army units.
The first Scout companies were organized by the US in 1901
to combat the Philippine revolutionary forces led at that time by General Emilio Aguinaldo. In 1919–20,
the PS companies were grouped into regiments as part of the US Army and
redesignated the 43d, 44th, 45th, and 57th Infantry Regiments, plus the 24th
and 25th Field Artillery Regiments, the 26th Cavalry Regiment (PS), and the 91st
and 92nd Coast Artillery Regiments. Service and support formations were also
organized as an engineer, medical, quartermasters, and military police units. The
infantry and field artillery regiments were grouped together with the U.S. 31st
Infantry Regiment to form the U.S. Army’s Philippine Division. At this point,
the Scouts became the U.S. Army’s front
line troops in the Pacific.
The Philippine
Department assigned the Scouts to subdue
the Moro tribes on the island of Mindanao (see Moro rebellion) and to
establish tranquility throughout the islands. In the 1930s, Philippine Scouts,
along with the 31st Infantry Regiment, saw action at Jolo, Palawan. Philippine Scout regiments became some of the first United States Army units to be in
combat during World War II, until
the surrender of USAFFE in May 1942.
Even after that some individual soldiers and units refused to surrender and
become beginning elements of the resistance
to the Japanese occupation. Later paroled POWs would also join the
resistance.
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DIMASALANG |
Rizal who has been known for his strong criticisms of the Spaniards wouldn’t have written all his essays and articles using his real
name. He used the pen names Dimasalang and
Laong Laan in many of his writings.
Dr. Jose Rizal used the pen name Dimasalang when he served as a correspondent of the same Spanish
newspaper La Solidaridad. Rizal also
wrote a literary work in Spain titled “Amor
Patrio” meaning love of country. The piece was included in “Diarong Tagalog” which was a daily
newspaper released in Manila. Rizal also used the pseudonym “May Pagasa” when he transferred to
Madrid and became a member of Freemasonry.
Dr. Jose Rizal also used Laong Laan which was the name of a railway station in Manila, when he was a contributor of poems and
articles for the Spanish newspaper “La
Solidaridad” was. Others who contributed to La Solidaridad and used pen
names were Marcelo H. del Pilar who used Plaridel, Mario Ponce used the aliases
Naning, Kalipulo or Tigbalang, Antonio Luna as Taga Ilog and Jose Maria
Panganiban who used Jomapa. “La Solidaridad” is an organization created in
Spain and issued a newspaper of the same name published in Barcelona, Spain.
Jose Rizal’s cousin named Galicano Apacible headed the organization.
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LA HOJA PURA / ISAAC PERAL |
ISAAC PERAL was an old street name in Ermita, Manila that
was later changed to United Nations Avenue.
Little did I know that Isaac Peral was a Spanish scientist, inventor,
and military man. He invented the submarine -- the first U-boat in naval
history.
He was sent on a mission to the Philippines in 1881, first as
a geographer and later as an officer of a gunboat. During his stay in the
Philippines, he received seven patents between 1887 and 1891 for his other
inventions.
The PERAL was the first electric battery-powered submarine
built by Isaac Peral, for the Spanish Navy. The first fully capable military
submarine was launched on September 8, 1888. It had two torpedoes, new air
systems, hull shape and propeller, and cruciform external controls anticipating later
designs. When fully charged it was the fastest submarine yet built, with
performance levels that matched or exceeded those of First World War U-boats.
In June 1890 Peral's submarine-launched a torpedo under the sea. It was also
the first submarine to incorporate a fully reliable underwater navigation
system.
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MONEDA FILIPINAS |
MONEDA FILIPINA or Philippine Money during the American colonial era was first issued in 1903. It featured a lady with a hammer and a bald eagle on an American shield which is similar to the design of the US-Philippine coinage. Philippine artist Melecio
Figueroa was enlisted to provide the designs for the coinage, creating a standing woman design for the silver denomination coins, which have been
modeled on his daughter Bianca.
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ALHAMBRA |
We know Alhambra as a popular cigar/cigarette brand here
in the Philippines, but in Spain Alhambra
or "The Red One" is a popular
palace and fortress complex located
in Granada, Andalusia. It was
originally constructed as a small fortress in AD 889 on the remains of Roman fortifications, and then largely
ignored until its ruins were renovated and rebuilt in the mid-13th century by the Nasrid emir Mohammed ben Al-Ahmar of the Emirate of Granada, who built its
current palace and walls. It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf
I, Sultan of Granada. After the conclusion of the Christian Reconquista in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella
(where Christopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and
the palaces were partially altered in the Renaissance style. In 1526 Charles I & V commissioned a new
Renaissance palace better befitting the Holy Roman Emperor in the
revolutionary Mannerist style influenced by Humanist philosophy in direct
juxtaposition with the Nasrid Andalusian architecture, but which was ultimately
never completed due to Morisco rebellions in Granada.
Alhambra's latest flowering of Islamic palaces were built
for the last Muslim emirs in Spain
during the decline of the Nasrid dynasty
who were increasingly subject to the Christian Kings of Castile. After being
allowed to fall into disrepair for centuries, the buildings occupied by
squatters, Alhambra were rediscovered
following the defeat of Napoleon, who had conducted retaliatory destruction
of the site. The discoverers were first British intellectuals and then other
north European Romantic travelers. It is now one of Spain's major tourist
attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well-known Islamic architecture, together with
16th-century and later Christian building and garden interventions. The Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
and the inspiration for many songs and stories.
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EL LUCERO |
EL LUCERO DEL ALBA,
sometimes called "Star of the dawn",
is a popular name to refer to the planet Venus,
when it is visible in the sky at dawn. In English it is used as "Morning star", in French
"Étoile du matin", and in German "Morgenstern", the 3
terms, literally "star of the morning". There is also the name
"Evening Star" or "Evening Star" to refer to the vision of
Venus at sunset. The term has poetic and mystical connotations.
Sources:
(1) Wikipedia
(2) https://www.aswangproject.com/pugot/
(3) https://www.tagaloglang.com/baluga/
(4) https://www.joserizal.com/jose-rizal-pen/
awesome collection! !
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